Facilitate Open Science Training for European Research
The default is ‘Open’
Victoria Tsoukala, PhD|National Documentation Centre
Alma Swan, PhD|Enabling Open Scholarship
Università degli Studi di Trieste, July 7 2015
PART ONE
Definitions and 
descriptions
Open Access: the first 
definition
• Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)
• The literature (and data) that scholars give 
away for free (peer-reviewed but may also 
include preprints)
• Barrier-free (financial, legal, technical and 
temporal barriers)
• To read, download, copy, distribute, print, 
search, or link to the full texts of these articles, 
crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to 
software, or use them for any other lawful 
purpose
Open Access: a working description
• Immediate
• Free (to use)
• Free (of restrictions)
• Access to the peer-reviewed literature (and data)
• Not vanity publishing
• Not a ‘stick anything up on the Web’ approach
• Moving scholarly communication into the Web Age
• Open Access part of a wider ongoing conversation about 
Open Science


Open Access – Why?
• Research moves faster and more efficiently
• Greater visibility and impact
• Better monitoring, assessment and evaluation 
of research
• Enables new semantic technologies 
(text-mining and data-mining)
• Publicly-funded research should be freely 
available to the ‘public’
Open Access – How (to provide OA)
• Publishing (the gold route)
• Self-archiving (the green route)
Open access publishing (the Gold 
route)
   Authors publish their scholarship in open access 
journals or monograph series. These publications 
are freely available to the end users on the 
Internet. Second type most common in the Social 
Sciences and the Humanities 
• Copyright is usually retained by the authors*******
• Open access publications follow the same processes as 
toll access publications (i.e. peer review), but provide 
open access to the content of the publications. 
• Some open access publishers may charge article 
processing charges (APC) and most charge Book 
Processing Charges (BPC)
• http://doaj.org registry of open access journals
• Open Access monographs (www.doabooks.org) 
Self-archiving (the Green route)
Authors deposit their accepted publication in 
institutional/subject-based repository at time of 
publication; they also deposit the research data 
underlying the publication in a data repository; access 
and use is free; license is used   
• Repository: online database; operates under specific 
technical standards that allow the institution to manage, 
preserve, disseminate, showcase its scientific output. 
• The repository is a valuable tool in an institution’s research 
information system and evaluation process, and one that 
offers added value services for the scientific community.
• http://opendoar.org registry of repositories
• Open Access Research Data (www.re3data.org) 
 Self-archiving and publishing NOT the same thing
They are complementary activities
• Gold open access is a mode of publishing and 
follows the processes of publishing
• Purpose of self-archiving is to curate one’s 
scientific output in the repository and provide 
access to them; it is not publishing
• But…. Repositories DO open new potential 
paths for research dissemination, overlay 
repositories
Significance of author copyright and 
licensing in open access
• Author usually maintains copyright (does not sign 
away)
• Important that author license their work-in this 
way, user knows what they can do with it
• Standard licenses legalized worldwide (ie 
embedded in local national law): creative 
commons
• https://creativecommons.org/

OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING 
(GOLD ROUTE)
JOURNALS, MONOGRAPHS, RESEARCH 
DATA
Open Access journals
• Free to the reader
• Many (most) are free to publish in too
– Some charge APCs (article processing charges)
• There are around 10 000 open access journals
• They are listed in the Directory of Open Access 
Journals (DOAJ)


Example journal
Open Access Monographs
• Free to the reader
• Typical to publish in the SSH
• Fees required by most publishers
• Numerous publishing initiatives, especially in the 
SSH
• Unknown number of books in open access 
• www.doabooks.org 


OPEN ACCESS REPOSITORIES 
(GREEN ROUTE)
Publication repositories, data 
repositories
Open Access repositories
• Digital collections
• Usually institutional (based in universities)
• Sometimes centralised (subject-based)
• Interoperable (technically the same, they can 
communicate)
• Form a network across the world
• Create a global database of openly-accessible 
research
• Currently c2900

By country
Italy: 
74 repositories
Here’s one

Data repositories
• Deposit your research data at the same time with 
publication
• Institutional or subject-based
• Important: they curate data, they provide DOIs
– Data can be cited, becoming very valuable output by 
itself, worthy of citing
• Important: linking publications with underlying 
data
– Open access to research data is doing ethical research 
• New field: data science, data intensive research


Linking publications and data
• Data that supports research publications should 
also be open
• Deposit the research data of your publication in an 
appropriate repository (a trusted repository)
• Publish your article/book, preferably in open 
access-provide a link to the deposited research 
data
• Deposit your article/book in your institutional 
repository or other appropriate repository. 
Other ‘Open’ things
• As well as Open Access to journal articles ...
• Open Books and Monographs
• Open Data (tomorrow’s topic)
• Open Science:
– Open Access to articles 
– Open Monographs
– Open Data
– Open licensing
– Open innovation
– Including – especially important right now – text-mining 
and data-mining (TDM)
PART TWO
The benefits of Open 
Access
Benefits for researchers
Researcher advantages from Open 
Access
• Access, access, access!
• Research intensified
• Fast-track to innovation and more research
• New collaborations
• New paths for research
Benefits for authors
Author advantages from Open Access
• Visibility
• Usage
• Impact
• Personal profiling and marketing
Visibility
An author’s own testimony on open access visibility
   “Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has 
given instant world-wide visibility to my 
work. As a result, I was invited to submit 
papers to refereed international 
conferences/journals and got them 
accepted.”
Professor Martin Skitmore 
School of Urban Design, QUT
“There is no doubt in my mind that ePrints will have improved 
things – especially in developing countries such as Malaysia … 
many more access my papers who wouldn’t have thought of 
contacting me personally in the ‘old’ days.
While this may … increase … citations, the most important 
thing … is that at least these people can find out more about 
what others have done…”
Usage
University of Liege repository:
authors deposit
Individual article usage

Individual authors’ usage
Individual authors’ usage
OpenStarTs
Impact
Citation impact
Range = 36%-200%
(Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)
Engineering
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
OA
Non-OA
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
Cit
ati
on s
Clinical medicine
Cit
ati
on s
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
OA
Non-OA
Social science
Cit
ati
on s
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
OA
Non-OA
Profiling and marketing


Melissa Terras
For institutions?
“The case for Open Access within a university is not simply 
political or economic or professional. 
It needs to rest in the notion of what a university is and what 
it should be .... It is central to the university’s position in the 
public space”
Professor Martin Hall, Vice Chancellor of the University of 
Salford, UK
Institutional and funder advantages 
from Open Access
• Visibility, usage
• Impact
• Profiling and marketing
• Outreach to the public: demonstrating social return
• Economic benefits
• Institutional management information
“I am asked how many articles my 
researchers publish each year, and I have 
to say ‘I have no idea!’” 
Professor Bernard Rentier, Rector, University of Liege, Belgium, 
explaining one of the reasons why he has built an institutional 
Open Access repository and introduced a mandatory policy on 
Open Access
Outreach: the public
• Independent researchers
• Education sector
• Professional community
• Practitioner community
• Interested ‘lay’ public
• Business sector, including innovative SMEs
MIT’s repository usage
PubMed Central
• 2 million full-text articles
• c500,000 unique users per day:
– 25% universities
– 18% government and others
– 40% citizens
– 17% companies
EU CIS studies
PART THREE
Policy

y Open Access policies: the Why
• Benefits of open access increasingly understood by 
policymakers. A long process. 
– Result: policies
• Enabler of innovation, development, citizen-science, 
transparency in research and research ethics
• In the spirit of and aligned to other current policy 
trends , openness to government information (PSI), Open 
education, open cultural information, etc.
• Public money and access to citizens (=taxpayers)
• Result: Tsunami of policies for open access to publications, 
monographs and research data
How this affects you!
• Your institution may require obligatory open access, e.g. of 
your PhD Thesis (UTrieste)
• Trend for mandatory open access policies by universities and 
research funders all over the world
– Research funders and research institution usually have separate open 
access policies for publications and for research data
• Your funder may require open access to publications and 
research data
– Horizon 2020 and ERC
– Fondazione Cariplo
– Telethon
– Wellcome Trust 
– Etc…………
– RCUK
• Will also ask for a data management plan (DMP) during 
submission of proposal
Policies: worldwide numbers
The effect of a mandatory policy
Open Access mandates worldwide
EuropeNorth America
Central & South America
Africa
Asia Oceania
H2020 and Open Access
• Mandatory for peer-reviewed publications
• ‘Green’ OA mandate (repositories) 
– Publish as normal in subscription-based 
journals or open access journals
– Place author’s copy in OA repository and 
provide open access 
– Deposit this at acceptance for publication, or 
the latest at publication
• ‘Gold’ OA: Permits payments from grants for 
OA journal publication 
• Mute on monographs
• Definite on data: open data pilot for H2020
Horizon 2020 and Open Access
• Mandatory immediate open access to all peer-reviewed publications 
(up to 12 months delay for SSH)
• Mandatory open access to research data for some areas (Open 
Access Pilot for 2014-2015)-Data Management Plans
• Unclear on monographs
• Green open access Mandate= must deposit and make open access 
in repository at the latest at publication time
• Gold open access encouragement= encouraged to publish in open 
access venues=expenses are eligible
• ERC special conditions
– Does not participate in the Open Access Pilot
– Monographs MUST be made open access immediately, the latest in 6Months
What to do to comply?
• Check your funder policy
– They mostly ask for green open access at publication=repository
• Check your institutional policy
– In general funder policies supersede institutional policies
• Select publisher according to disciplinary criteria and according to 
open access publishing and self-archiving criteria (doaj.org and 
SherpaRomeo)-funder and institutional policies may affect your 
choice!
• Comply to funder-institution mandate= deposit in repository and 
provide open access (publications and data)
PASTEUR4OA project
Facilitating open access policies in Europe
http://www.pasteur4oa.eu  
RECODE project
http://recodeproject.eu 
What should early career researchers 
do to change the paradigm?
• SHARE in repositories
• PUBLISH in open access
• Maintain your rights
• Providing open access is doing ethical research
• Be part of the virtuous circle of open science
• You are the next generation of professionals that 
will make open science a reality!
Get involved
• Right to Research Coalition
• OpenCon 2015 in Brussels for young researchers
Thank you for listening
tsoukala@ekt.gr
www.pasteur4oa.eu  
www.ekt.gr